Unified Gauss–Markov Modeling of Ionospheric Residuals for Spatiotemporal Cohesive Characterization
Ionospheric residuals from empirical models exhibit strong spatiotemporal correlations, posing a dominant error that undermines the integrity and robustness of single-frequency Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) applications, for example, in the aviation industry. This study develops a unified Gauss–Markov (GM)...