Accuracy and safety of individualized 3D-printed guides for L4 pedicle screw placement: An in vitro comparison with the free-hand technique
Pedicle screw fixation is widely utilized for lumbar stabilization, but deviation from the planned pedicle corridor may result in cortical breach and neurovascular injury. Individualized 3D-printed guides may help transfer preoperative planning to screw insertion. However, their guiding performance and measurement reli...