Background: Power battery closed-loop supply chains face simultaneous competition for scarce materials, subsidies, market demand, and recyclable batteries, while strategic decisions remain coupled with production, recovery, transport, inventory, and carbon-control operations. Methods: We develop a Nash-type bi-level fr...
Jia-Rui Zhao, Xiao-Ning Wang, Zhi-Meng Li et al.· Logistics· 0 citations
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