Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) and trophoblast cell surface antigen 2 (Trop-2) are tumor-associated antigens widely overexpressed in multiple malignant tumors, which drive malignant proliferation, invasion, metastasis, and therapeutic resistance by activating key downstream signaling pathways. Antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs) targeting HER2 and Trop-2 leverage their antigen-specific binding capacity to achieve precise targeted delivery of cytotoxic drugs, representing a significant breakthrough in solid tumor therapy. This review systematically outlines the biological functions and carcinogenic mechanisms of HER2 and Trop-2, focusing on the latest research and development progress of related ADCs. We also summarize and analyze key clinical data and application prospects in breast cancer (BC), gastric cancer (GC), non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), and urothelial carcinoma (UC), while also delving into the challenges and future directions within this field.
Phytoene, a colorless precursor of carotenoids, has attracted increasing attention because of its favorable bioavailability, antioxidant activity, and potential applications in functional foods, nutraceuticals, and animal nutrition. However, its industrial utilization remains limited by low natural abundance and the dependence of current production strategies on genetic engineering or metabolic pathway manipulation. In this study, we identified and characterized a naturally occurring Brevundimonas vesicularis strain (Bv-xms2024) exhibiting pronounced phytoene accumulation without genetic modification. The strain was comprehensively characterized using morphological, biochemical, molecular, genomic, metabolomic, and transcriptional analyses. Quantitative LC–MS/MS analysis demonstrated that Bv-xms2024 accumulated phytoene to 420.42 ± 98.11 μg/g dry biomass after 96 h of cultivation, substantially exceeding the levels of downstream carotenoids, including β-carotene and astaxanthin. Optimization of cultivation parameters identified 25 °C, pH 7.0, and 96 h as the optimal conditions for phytoene accumulation, while serial passaging confirmed stable production over 20 generations. Genome annotation identified the carotenoid biosynthetic gene repertoire, while RT-qPCR analysis revealed a temporal shift from early upregulation of crtE and crtB to later upregulation of downstream pathway genes, consistent with the observed phytoene-dominant carotenoid profile. Short-term tolerance evaluations in mice and chickens revealed no observable adverse effects under the tested conditions. Collectively, these findings identify Bv-xms2024 as a promising natural microbial resource for phytoene production and provide a basis for further process development and strain-level safety evaluation.
Zhenyi Liu, Ying Liu, Yan Zhi et al.· Foods· 0 citations
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