Astragalus membranaceus-derived exosomes alleviate traumatic brain injury by inhibiting SERPINE1/HIF-1α/NLRP3-mediated pyroptosis.
OBJECTIVE Pyroptosis is recognized as a critical contributor to the secondary injury following traumatic brain injury (TBI), and its inhibition has been shown to preserve neuronal integrity and improve neurological outcomes. This study aimed to investigate the therapeutic effects of Astragalus membranaceus (AM)-derived...