We prove uniform-in-$N$ partition-function estimates at all positive temperatures for the centered modulated energy of logarithmic, Riesz, and Bessel--Riesz kernels on $\mathbb R^d$ in the locally square-integrable range $0\le s<d/2$. They yield finite-particle exponential integrability, quadratic behavior at small parameter, explicit kernel-dependent growth at large parameter, and uniform entropy control of the associated Gibbs measures. As applications, we obtain uniform R\'enyi-divergence and relative-entropy bounds for interacting Gibbs equilibria and entropic mean-field convergence near thermal equilibrium; the optimal $N^{-1}$ normalized relative-entropy rate for the three-dimensional Coulomb flow; and an $N^{-1/2}$ Gaussian approximation for fixed-time finite-dimensional fluctuations. Finally, the modulated energy converges to a random variable in the second Wiener chaos, and for every positive parameter the partition functions converge to its Laplace transform, represented by a Carleman--Fredholm determinant. This formula identifies the sharp small-parameter behavior and, when the reference density is bounded below on a ball, the sharp large-parameter growth.
We study Gaussian fluctuations for a lower-triangular system of interacting diffusions in which particle $i$ interacts only with its predecessors. Although the empirical measure of this system converges to the same McKean--Vlasov limit as in the corresponding exchangeable mean-field system, the sequential structure remains visible at the $N^{-1/2}$ fluctuation scale. We introduce the logarithmically weighted fluctuation fields \[ Y_t^{N,n} = \frac{1}{\sqrt{N}} \sum_{i=1}^N \frac{\bigl(\log(N/i)\bigr)^n}{n!} (\delta_{X_t^i}-\bar\rho_t), \qquad n\ge 0, \] and prove joint convergence of the entire family in a countable product of weighted negative Sobolev path spaces to the unique probabilistically strong solution of a linear hierarchy in which $Y^n$ couples to $Y^{n+1}$. In particular, the limit of the empirical fluctuation field $\sqrt{N}(\mu_t^N-\bar\rho_t)=Y_t^{N,0}$ is not governed by the closed fluctuation SPDE arising in the classical exchangeable case. The proof combines conditional-measure replacement, deterministic estimates for the logarithmic weights, a martingale argument, and a weighted Volterra estimate.
Zhenfu Wang, Xianliang Zhao· 0 citations
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