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Zhe Li

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#artificial intelligence Preprint Sep 2026

Which Influence Are We Estimating? The Role of Counterfactual Specifications in Data Attribution

This work formalizes influence as a counterfactual estimand, distinguishes specification mismatch across estimands from approximation error in estimating a fixed estimand, and organizes representative estimators by their implied specifications.

Zhe Li, Wei Zhao, Pei-Xin Zhang et al. · 0 citations
Preprint Aug 2026

Tripwire: Triggering Aligned Refusal via Statistically Certified Safety Neurons

A training-free defense that first identifies safety-specific neurons through per-neuron hypothesis tests under false-discovery-rate control together with a utility-specificity filter, and reduces the average attack success rate to at most 2.0% while incurring a utility drop of only 0.3% on MT-Bench, the smallest among...

Wei Zhao, Zhe Li, Pei-Xin Zhang et al. · 0 citations

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