Zhao Wu

The Hidden Second Law of Thermodynamics behind the Boltzmann-Grad Limit

We show that the Boltzmann-Grad (BG) limit, $N\varepsilon^{d-1}=\alpha=\text{const}$, is not a neutral scaling condition but already encodes the Second Law of Thermodynamics, resolving Loschmidt's paradox. Newton's First Law is the bridge: applying the BG condition locally to two adjacent cells at different temperature...