A Review of Brain-Computer Interfaces in Neurorehabilitation and Nursing Care for Patients with Paraplegia
Paraplegia, most commonly caused by spinal cord injury (SCI), results in motor, sensory, and autonomic dysfunction below the level of injury. Traditional rehabilitation primarily relies on passive training, which has limited effects on central neural remod eling. As a cutting-edge neuromodulation technology, brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) can bypass the damaged spinal cord and directly translate brain signals into commands for external devices, offering a new pathway for functional reconstruction. Focusing on the neurorehabilitation and nursing perspectives of patients with paraplegia, this review systematically summarizes the definition, principles, classification, and clinical value of non -invasive EEG‑BCI and invasive implantable BCI. It outlines stratif ied rehabilitation strategies for patients with different injury severities and constructs a comprehensive nursing model that includes pre -rehabilitation assessment, intra -training monitoring, complication prevention, psychological intervention, and home -based continuing care. Current evidence indicates that BCIs can effectively activate neuroplasticity, relieve spasticity, and improve motor intention and activities of daily living. Professional nursing is critical for ensuring safety, adherence, and long-term outcomes. This review also discusses current research limitations and proposes future directions to inform clinical practice and academic research.