Seismic Suitability Assessment of Steel Slag–Rubber Composite Backfill for Geogrid-Reinforced Retaining Walls
The use of recycled steel slag and tire-derived rubber as a combined backfill for geogrid-reinforced retaining walls offers a potential resource-recovery route, yet its influence on seismic performance has not been systematically quantified. To address this issue, a two-dimensional nonlinear finite-element model was us...