Preprint
Sep 2026
UOT-Gap: A Variational Principle for the Modality Gap in Vision-Language Models via Unbalanced Optimal Transport
UOT-Gap is introduced, a training-free variational diagnostic that models frozen image and text embeddings with unbalanced entropic optimal transport (UOT) and establishes UOT-Gap as a diagnostic for caption quality, modality alignment, and retrieval robustness.
Zong-Lin Yang, Hui-Lan Ma, Xu-Dan Zheng et al.
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