Vagus Nerve Stimulation Exerts Disease-Modifying Effects in Epileptic Rats by Enhancing Hippocampal Adenosine Signalling.
OBJECTIVES Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) is an established neuromodulatory therapy for refractory epilepsy, but its disease-modifying mechanisms remain unclear. Adenosine is an endogenous anticonvulsant and a key regulator of epileptogenesis, and adenosine kinase (ADK) controls extracellular adenosine availability. Thi...