Author

Yoshimasa Kubo

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Open access Sep 2026

Neuromodulated Equilibrium Learning

Equilibrium Propagation (EP) is a biologically motivated alternative to backpropagation but requires free and nudged equilibrium phases, raising questions about the biological plausibility of phase-separated learning. We introduce Neuromodulated Equilibrium Learning (NEL), a single-equilibrium reward-based framework in...

Yoshimasa Kubo · bioRxiv · 0 citations

Open access Aug 2026

Reward-Based Equilibrium Propagation

The proposed reward-based EP achieves performance close to that of conventional EP across all three datasets, although it generally converges more slowly during the early stages of training, and demonstrates that EP can learn effectively from sparse, action-specific reward feedback rather than a complete supervised tar...

Yoshimasa Kubo · bioRxiv · 1 citation