Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Combined with Local Infiltration Anesthesia for Perioperative Pain and Anxiety in PELD: A Retrospective Cohort Study
Background Awake percutaneous endoscopic lumbar discectomy (PELD) preserves intraoperative patient feedback, but local infiltration anesthesia may inadequately control pain and anxiety during deeper procedural stages. Intranasal dexmedetomidine offers a noninvasive adjunct, although evidence in this setting remains lim...