Multi-level evidence for Pb-Cd co-exposure nephrotoxicity: An integrated analysis of NHANES, outcome-oriented network toxicology, and cell-based validation.
BACKGROUND Lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) remain widespread environmental toxicants, and the kidney is a major target organ. However, reliance on a single biomarker matrix or renal endpoint may incompletely characterize Pb-Cd-associated renal abnormalities. Whether blood- and urine-based Pb/Cd biomarkers exhibit differenti...