A “Progenitor Cell Ark” hydrogel system for intervertebral disc regeneration via mitochondrial targeting and mitophagy enhancement
Intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD), driven by progenitor cell loss and oxidative stress, remains a major clinical challenge with limited effective regenerative therapies. Here, we present a “Progenitor Cell Ark,” a triple-layered hydrogel microsphere system designed for synergistic cell delivery and microenvironme...