Sex Differences in HFpEF: Mechanisms, Manifestations, and Therapeutic Target Identification
Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is a heterogeneous syndrome that accounts for more than half of heart failure cases and disproportionately affects older women. Biological sex is a key determinant of HFpEF, influencing epidemiology, comorbidity profiles, cardiac structure, clinical outcomes, and t...