Strontium- and magnesium-doped hydroxyapatite scaffolds enhance bone regeneration by promoting macrophage polarization toward the M2 phenotype.
The development of synthetic bone grafts that integrate osteogenic and immunomodulatory functions represents a critical strategy in regenerative orthopedics. In this study, we fabricated strontium- and magnesium-doped hydroxyapatite (HA/Mg/Sr) scaffolds derived from natural bovine cancellous bone. Physicochemical chara...