How much entropy must a physical classifier produce to achieve a prescribed accuracy? Rate--distortion theory specifies the minimum information required, but does that information threshold suffice to determine the physical cost? We show that it does not, even for a binary task and a two-state memory. For a uniform bin...
Cryptic ligand-binding pockets are not apparent in experimentally determined apo structures, making them difficult to identify from unbound receptor geometry. A complementary challenge is to make the structural measurements and learned evidence behind each prediction directly inspectable. We introduce a supervised alge...
Preference-based reward shaping can guide reinforcement learning, but adding preference signals to the reward may unintentionally change the task being optimized. We address this problem with IncentRL, a framework that introduces preference guidance while explicitly characterizing its effect on external-task performanc...
This analysis explains why conditional mutual information alone cannot certify escape and measures variation among intervention-conditioned updates rather than departure from the no-intervention law.