Optimization of UAV–UGV Last-Mile Collaborative Delivery under Dynamic Carbon Footprint Constraints: Visual Simulation and Scenario Analysis of Coordinated Air–Ground Unmanned Delivery System
To address the challenges of operational cost control, safety assurance, and dynamic carbon footprint management in urban last-mile logistics, this study proposes a UAV–UGV air–ground collaborative delivery framework and develops a multi-objective optimization model considering efficiency, safety, and low-carbon perfor...