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Xiao-Ying Hu

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Open access Sep 2026

Identification of Immune-Inflammatory Endotypes in Early COPD Risk: A Cluster Analysis of Age-Associated Biomarkers

Background Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is increasingly recognized as a highly heterogeneous syndrome rather than a single disease entity. Identifying biologically distinct endotypes is essential for early risk stratification and precision prevention. Immunosenescence—the age-related remodeling of the i...

Bi-Ying Wu, Min Yang, Xiao-Ying Hu et al. · 0 citations

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