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Xiao-Xiang Zhu

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Preprint Aug 2026

Beyond Accuracy: Assessing Calibration of Geospatial Foundation Models and Their Sensitivity to Distribution Shifts

Geospatial Foundation Models (GeoFMs) are most commonly ranked and selected by accuracy on standard benchmark conditions via averaged ranks. We show that this protocol is too narrow: the promised deployment in critical EO tasks requires further angles of analysis, mainly calibration, the agreement between a model's con...

Nils Lehmann, Jakob Gawlikowski, Burak Ekim et al. · 0 citations
Review Aug 2026

Earth Embeddings

This chapter explains the main types of Earth embeddings, from implicit location encoders to explicit patch and pixel products, and compares their coverage, resolution, dimensionality, storage cost, licenses, and reproducibility.

Adam J. Stewart, Heng Fang, Isaac A. Corley et al. · 1 citation

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