Pharmacological targeting of the extracellular cGAMP-ENPP1 axis in cancer immunotherapy: mechanisms, biomarkers, and translational strategies.
The mechanistic basis, pharmacological rationale, and translational challenges of targeting the extracellular cGAMP-ENPP1 axis in cancer are summarized and a biomarker-guided framework incorporating cGAMP-generating capacity, ENPP1 expression and enzymatic activity, STING-response competence, and on-treatment pharmacod...