Iron, Copper, and Zinc Dyshomeostasis in Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases: Redox Mechanisms, Evidence Levels, and Translational Prospects
Iron (Fe), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) are essential trace elements for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular homeostasis, acting as enzymatic cofactors in energy metabolism and antioxidant defence. However, disruption of metal homeostasis can amplify oxidative injury through direct Fe/Cu redox chemistry or indirect Zn-dep...