Multimodal biomarkers for early detection and immunotherapy assessment in hepatocellular carcinoma: integrating liquid biopsy, AI-based imaging and tumor immune profiling
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) commonly develops in chronically diseased liver and remains challenging because of late detection, heterogeneity, recurrence and limited hepatic reserve. Immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI)-based combinations improve outcomes in advanced HCC, but durable responses occur in only a subset of...