Wen-Cong Su

A Stackelberg-Bayesian Capacity-Market Game of Carbon Regulation and Second-Life Battery Investment under AI Data-Center Load Growth

Artificial intelligence (AI) data centers are driving rapid electricity load growth across all U.S. ISO/RTO regions, raising both system costs and carbon exposure. This study develops a three-level Stackelberg--Bayesian game in which a regulator (leader) sets carbon penalties and subsidies, a single ISO capacity market...

Advances in Applied Energy

Critical Review of Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning Methods for Data-Center Load Forecasting

The reviewed studies indicate that advanced approaches, including long short-term memory (LSTM), gated recurrent unit (GRU), transformer-based models, and digital twin (DT) frameworks, can improve forecasting performance and support more energy-efficient operation.