Developmental Interplay Between Loneliness and Conduct Problems From Late Childhood to Early Adolescence: The Role of Maternal Reactions to Children's Negative Emotions.
BACKGROUND The transition from late childhood to early adolescence is a pivotal developmental period characterized by substantial social, emotional, and behavioral change. During this transition, loneliness and conduct problems may co-occur and mutually reinforce one another, increasing vulnerability to later maladjustment. However, longitudinal research on their bidirectional developmental interplay and the family processes that may underlie it remains limited, particularly with respect to maternal reactions to children's negative emotions (MRCNE). This study examined the bidirectional longitudinal associations among loneliness, conduct problems, and MRCNE, as well as the potential mechanisms linking these constructs. METHODS The sample was composed of 995 fourth-grade students from three primary schools in eastern China (Mage = 10.45, SD = 0.68; 36.3% girls). Data were collected across three annual waves over a 2-year period. Random-intercept cross-lagged panel models were used to examine bidirectional longitudinal associations among loneliness, conduct problems, and two dimensions of MRCNE: maternal supportive and unsupportive reactions to children's negative emotions. RESULTS The results revealed bidirectional associations between loneliness and conduct problems over time. Conduct problems negatively predicted subsequent maternal supportive reactions, while maternal unsupportive reactions at T1 positively predicted loneliness at T2. Maternal supportive reactions at T2 negatively predicted loneliness at T3. Mediation analyses identified significant indirect pathways linking loneliness, conduct problems, and MRCNE. CONCLUSIONS These findings provide a more nuanced understanding of how socioemotional and behavioral difficulties become intertwined during the transition to adolescence and highlight maternal emotion-related responding as an important family process during this developmental period.