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Wanzhou Luo

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Review Open access Aug 2026

Beyond Pedagogical Binaries: A Four-Dimensional Framework for Lesson Analysis

Binary classifications of teaching as transmission or constructivism obscure how participation, authority, knowledge practices, and conceptual work can vary within one lesson. This article introduces the social, procedural, epistemic, and conceptual (SPEC) framework for episode-level lesson analysis. SPEC was developed...

Wanzhou Luo · 0 citations

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