Abstract Freshwater and terrestrial ecosystems harbor a rich diversity of fungi, many of which remain poorly explored, particularly within the order Chaetothyriales. Four hyphomycetous isolates were obtained from freshwater and terrestrial habitats in Guizhou Province, China. Their morphological characteristics were examined, and multilocus phylogenetic analyses based on ITS, LSU, SSU, and tub2 were performed to clarify their taxonomic positions. Phylogenetic reconstruction indicated that the isolates represent two distinct species within Veronaea (Herpotrichiellaceae, Chaetothyriales), which are herein described as V. guizhouensis and V. terrestris. Comprehensive descriptions, illustrations, and morphological comparisons with related taxa are provided. These findings expand the known diversity of Veronaea and underscore the significance of freshwater and terrestrial woody substrates as reservoirs of novel fungal taxa.
Wangming Zhang, Hai-Fei Long, Xiao-Yang Liu et al.· MycoKeys· 0 citations
Messenger RNA (mRNA) technology has emerged as a cornerstone in vaccine development and therapeutic applications, offering key benefits such as high potency, rapid scalability, and cost-effectiveness. The success of COVID-19 mRNA vaccines has underscored their efficacy and safety. However, residual byproducts generated during mRNA synthesis, such as unincorporated caps, nucleoside triphosphates (NTPs), DNA templates, enzymes, abortive transcripts, and double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), pose significant challenges to the clinical application of the RNA therapy. Among these, dsRNA is particularly problematic as it can activate various innate immune responses, suppress mRNA translation and potentially compromise the therapeutic efficacy of mRNA. Therefore, effectively removing dsRNA from in vitro synthesized mRNA is essential before its used in preclinical or clinical settings. In this review article, we provide a comprehensive overview of current mRNA development pipelines and ongoing clinical trials, and recent advances in mRNA purification techniques. Specifically, we focus on strategies for dsRNA removal, which can be broadly categorized into two approaches: (1) separating or removing dsRNA from in vitro transcription (IVT) mRNA products using methods such as RP-HPLC chromatography and cellulose-based purification; and (2) minimizing dsRNA formation during IVT by employing engineered RNA polymerase mutants, chaotropic agents, and magnetic beads, as well as modifying/optimizing DNA templates or RNA molecules to reduce dsRNA generation. We also discuss the advantages and limitations of these purification methods, the factors influencing the selection of purification strategies, and explore potential future directions for improving dsRNA purification technologies and their applications in mRNA-based therapeutics.
Jin-He Liu, Jian Zang, Jingru Xu et al.· Journal of Biomedical Scienc...· 0 citations
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