What drives the cost of biowaste-to-lipase production? Linking titre, rate and yield to techno-economic performance in batch-to-continuous Pichia pastoris fermentation
Fruit and vegetable (FV) waste represents an underutilized organic stream in Europe, yet its soluble sugar fraction remains poorly exploited as a bioprocess feedstock. Recombinant enzyme production from biowaste is often bottlenecked by heterogeneous substrate composition, low fermentable sugar titres, and uncertain pr...