Víctor Eduardo Quiroz Velázquez

Distal mechanisms in robotic surgical instruments: a structured review of surgical access, miniaturisation constraints and procedure-specific performance trade-offs

The distal end of a robotic surgical instrument is where access, dexterity, tissue interaction and procedural capability converge. In flexible, endoluminal, transoral, percutaneous, vascular and neuroendoscopic surgery, the clinical value of an instrument depends not only on kinematic complexity but also on miniaturisa...