How Accurately Can the Energy Use of Spark Applications Be Estimated Based on Resource Utilisation?
Distributed batch data processing applications are widely executed on cloud-based resources where restricted user access to node-level hardware energy counters hinders transparent sustainability accounting. Energy and carbon attribution methodologies therefore depend on power models and available resource utilisation traces, yet the accuracy of these estimates has to be validated while direct counters are available. In this work, we use Apache Spark running on Kubernetes as a case-study dataflow runtime and cluster resource manager to compare model-based energy estimates to Intel RAPL package and DRAM energy on an AWS bare-metal cloud and an on-premises cluster, comparing different CPU usage signals and memory coefficients. We show that external monitoring improves signed package-energy error relative to Spark task traces, reducing underestimation from -29.58% to -24.41% on AWS and from -24.00% to -16.22% on-premises.