Cellular adhesion-dependent 3D morphogenesis indicating brain tumor aggressiveness and chemosensitivity in spherical cavity culture
Malignancies of the nervous system remain a critical challenge in oncology, contributing substantially to cancer-related mortality in children and adults. Their aggressive behavior is influenced by adhesion heterogeneity of the tumor cells, as distinct patterns of cell-to-cell and cell-to-matrix interactions shape tumor organization, invasion, and resistance to conventional treatments. Here, we investigate tumor adhesion dynamics in a 3D spherical cavity culture platform that enables the rapid and high-throughput formation of uniform spheroids for parallel morphogenesis, adhesion profiling, and drug screening. The morphogenetic patterns of human neuroblastoma and patient-derived glioblastoma observed in 3D cavity culture closely correlated with tumor aggressiveness, ranging from adhesive layers in benign tumor subtype to compact spheroids in malignant cells and irregular aggregates in highly invasive, cancer stem-like counterparts. These morphologies corresponded to adhesion profiles: aggressive cells displayed elevated N-cadherin with variable integrin, while compact spheroids maintained a balance of both molecules. Blocking N-cadherin with ADH-1 disrupted spheroid integrity, and combining ADH-1 with DOX yielded synergistic cytotoxic effects in malignant phenotypes, highlighting N-cadherin upregulation in tumor cells with higher aggressiveness in 3D culture. Overall, our dynamic 3D spherical cavity culture enables reproducible 3D adhesion phenotyping, providing a simple method for malignancy assessment and supporting adhesion-targeted therapeutic strategies for personalized medicine.