Optimization of machining parameters in CNC end milling for surface roughness and material removal rate on AISI 4130 low-alloy steel using a Taguchi-based Gray Relational Analysis
This study applies an integrated Taguchi-Gray Relational Analysis (GRA) method to optimize CNC end milling parameters for AISI 4130 low-alloy steel, aiming to simultaneously maximize Material Removal Rate (MRR) and minimize surface roughness (Ra). Experiments were designed using an L9 orthogonal array, varying spindle...