Mitochondrial Damage in Hemoglobinopathies: The Role of Cell-Free mtDNA as a Potential Biomarker
Background/Objectives: In hemoglobinopathies such as β-thalassemia and sickle cell disease (SCD), mitochondrial dysfunction has been implicated in chronic oxidative stress and tissue damage. Circulating cell-free mitochondrial DNA (cf-mtDNA) may reflect mitochondrial injury and serve as a biomarker of disease severity...