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Author

Spyros Lytras

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Review Open access Jul 2026

From sites to structure to serology: a roadmap for structure-aware molecular evolution of antigenically evolving viruses

A practical framework linking sites, structure, and serology for viruses in which antigenic evolution is a major component of immune escape and lineage turnover is outlined and how integrating genomic surveillance data, phylogenetics, structural analysis, and predictive modeling could support more prospective variant assessment and improved vaccine and therapeutic design is discussed.

Sanni Översti, Spyros Lytras, Shusuke Kawakubo et al. · 0 citations
Open access Jul 2026

Protein language models learn underlying mutation biases alongside fitness landscapes

A parameter sweep is implemented to explicitly couple empirical nucleotide mutational supply from PLM-assessed amino acid substitution pseudo-probabilities across evolutionary forecasting tasks and finds that base PLMs implicitly learn generic nucleotide-level mutational constraints, an effect strongly amplified by virus-specific fine-tuning.

O. MacLean, Kieran D. Lamb, Spyros Lytras et al. · 0 citations

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