Competition in Building Heating—The Techno-Economic Case for Decentralized Heat Pumps in Germany up to 2045
Decarbonizing the German building sector by 2045 requires a rapid transformation of the heating technology stock, in which decentralized heat pumps (HPs) compete with district heating (DH) and green-gas-based solutions. Yet, the existing literature has not sufficiently resolved which segments of the building stock are...