Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning Based Latency-Aware Hierarchical Control Enabling Electric-Vehicle Based Virtual Power Plants to Participate in Balancing Markets
Balancing markets require flexible resources that can promptly follow dispatch signals. Aggregated fleets of electric vehicles (EVs) operated as electric-vehicle virtual power plants (EV VPPs) are promising candidates. Aggregators must control the total power of EV chargers to track dispatch signals while satisfying in...