Revitalizing bioinert PCL: A biomimetic 3D-Printed gradient-pore scaffold with CSMA hydrogel-mediated BMP-2/QK delivery for vascularized bone regeneration.
Critical-sized bone defects exceed bone's regenerative capacity and require space-maintaining implants that support vascular and bone-tissue ingrowth. Three-dimensional (3D)-printed polycaprolactone (PCL) scaffolds are widely investigated for bone repair owing to controllable geometry, interconnected macropores, and st...