3D-Printed Guides, Navigation, and Robotic Assistance in Spinal Instrumentation: A Network Meta-Analysis of Pedicle Screw Accuracy and Clinical Outcomes.
BACKGROUND Accurate pedicle screw placement is essential to prevent neurovascular injury, revision surgery, and excess healthcare costs. While navigation and robotic systems enhance accuracy over freehand or fluoroscopic techniques, they remain limited by high cost and patient radiation exposure. Three-dimensional prin...