Neurodegenerative disorders (NDDs) such as Alzheimer's, Parkinsons etc., are progressive and debilitating conditions that have little therapeutic intervention. Existing pharmacological interventions mainly provide symptomatic relief and do not respond to the pathophysiology of these diseases, which is complex and multifactorial and includes oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, neuroinflammation, and protein misfolding. The synthesis of emerging evidence regarding the neuroprotective efficacy of phytotherapy is presented in this review, and the focus is on such traditional medicinal plants as Bacopa monnieri, Withania somnifera, and Centella asiatica. These botanicals have multi-target actions via bioactive compounds, such as bacosides, withanolides, and curcuminoids, that modulate cholinergic function and counteract the aggregation of amyloid beta residues, as well as support the integrity of mitochondria. The advanced delivery systems, like nano-formulations, are also highlighted in the review to improve the bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy. Along with pharmacological processes, integrative approaches that involve the use of phytotherapy, along with lifestyle changes and conventional medicine, are considered. Finally, this holistic model will help to shift phytotherapy to a primary approach to slowing neurodegeneration and enhancing the quality of life. The future directions are the clinical validation, standardization of compounds, and integration into personalized medicine models.
Shatrudhan Prajapati, Shikha Yadav, A. Singh et al.· Current Pharmaceutical Biote...· 0 citations
Breast cancer is also one of the most common causes of cancerrelated
deaths in the world, and this is mainly because of the therapeutic resistance and
immune evasion mechanisms in the tumor microenvironment. An immunosuppressive
tumor microenvironment, characterized by dysfunctional immune cells and stromal impediments,
limits the efficacy of traditional treatments. The strategies of modulating the
tumor immune microenvironment using nanoparticles have become promising in improving
the outcome of immunotherapies.
A structured narrative review was conducted to evaluate the current
evidence on nanoparticle-mediated immune modulation in breast cancer. A comprehensive
literature search was performed in the PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases
to identify relevant studies published between 2015 and 2025. Eligible studies included
mechanistic, preclinical (in vitro and in vivo), and clinical investigations examining
nanoparticle-based immunotherapeutic approaches and their effects on the breast cancer
tumor immune microenvironment.
Nanoparticle-based systems, such as lipid-, polymeric-, inorganic-, and biomimetic
systems, can be used to deliver therapeutic agents that target key immune components,
including tumor-associated macrophages, regulatory T cells, and Cytotoxic T
Lymphocytes (CTLs)s. These systems increase antigen presentation and (ICD), which can
be used to boost anti-tumor immune responses. Nonetheless, clinical translation remains
inadequate due to tumor heterogeneity, transport barriers mediated by the extracellular
matrix (ECM), variable delivery efficiency, and safety concerns.
Immunomodulatory strategies using nanoparticles enable immune reprogramming
and enhance therapeutic targeting in the tumor microenvironment. Although
promising preclinical results have been obtained, clinical use is limited due to variable
intratumoral distribution, non-uniform immune interactions, and the lack of standardized
assessment systems. These issues need to be addressed to enhance translational success.
Nanoparticle-mediated immune modulation is a prospective approach to
overcome immunosuppression in breast cancer. Future studies must aim to design nanoparticles
that maximize tumor uptake, incorporate predictive biomarkers, and optimize
clinical utility and therapeutic efficacy.
A. Singh, Shatrudhan Prajapati, Shikha Yadav et al.· Current Pharmacogenomics and...· 0 citations
Breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer and a
leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Despite significant advances in therapy, tumour heterogeneity, drug resistance, and treatment-associated toxicity remain major
challenges in clinical management. The shift from conventional systemic therapies to targeted and precision medicine approaches based on biomarkers has revolutionized the
breast cancer treatment landscape.
This narrative review was conducted using broad search terms across PubMed,
Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar, covering publications from 2013 to 2025.
The search strategy included terms such as breast cancer, endocrine therapy, HER2-
targeted therapy, gene therapy, immunotherapy, nanomedicine, pharmacogenomics, predictive biomarkers, and precision medicine. Phase I–III clinical trials, translational studies, and high-impact peer-reviewed publications were included. Emphasis was placed on
the quality and relevance of the evidence rather than on comprehensive inclusion of all
available studies.
The introduction of novel endocrine therapies and HER2-targeted treatments has
significantly improved survival outcomes for patients with hormone receptor-positive and
HER2-positive breast cancer. Although treatment benefits vary among patients, the therapeutic landscape has expanded considerably with the development of PARP inhibitors,
trastuzumab-based antibody–drug conjugates (T-DXd), and CDK4/6 inhibitors. Emerging
approaches, including gene therapy and immunotherapy, have also shown promise, although clinical evidence continues to evolve. Meanwhile, molecular subtyping based on
predictive biomarkers has become increasingly important, with markers such as ESR1
and PIK3CA mutations, BRCA mutations, HER2-low status, and PD-L1 expression being
used to guide treatment selection. This approach supports more personalized therapeutic
decisions, moving beyond the traditional one-size-fits-all model.
Despite substantial progress in improving therapeutic outcomes, several challenges continue to limit clinical effectiveness, including acquired resistance, tumour heterogeneity, the lack of standardized biomarkers, and economic constraints. Addressing
these limitations will require the integration of multi-omics profiling, real-time molecular
monitoring, and adaptive precision medicine algorithms to optimize treatment sequencing
and improve patient outcomes.
Breast cancer management has increasingly shifted toward precision oncology, driven by advances in molecular diagnostics and targeted therapeutic interventions.
The continued development of predictive biomarkers, together with ongoing research into
combination therapies and translational studies, is expected to play a critical role in determining the future success of personalized medicine approaches.
The findings support the therapeutic potential of exosome-based platforms while also highlighting major challenges, including inconsistencies in isolation protocols, limited cargo- loading capacity, targeting specificity, and in vivo stability.
Shatrudhan Prajapati, Shikha Yadav· Current Neurovascular Resear...· 0 citations
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