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Shamim Ahmed

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Open access Jul 2026

A cross-country investigation on core capital efficiency of private commercial banks: Evidence from Bangladesh and Nepal

Type of the article: Research ArticleAbstractCore capital efficiency plays a central role in safeguarding banking sector resilience in emerging economies characterized by high credit risk, regulatory constraints, and limited access to external capital. This paper aims to examine the bank-specific, macroeconomic, and institutional determinants of core capital efficiency in the banking sector of emerging economies, using a comparative analysis between Bangladesh and Nepal as representative markets. Considering a balanced panel dataset of 200 observations from 10 banks in each country, spanning from 2014 to 2023, this investigation adopts pooled OLS, fixed effects, random effects, and GLS estimators with Tier 1 capital ratio as a proxy for core capital efficiency. Empirical results show that bank size and profitability exert a strong and positive influence on core capital efficiency, while non-performing loan ratios and cost-to-income ratios significantly erode capital efficiency across models. In contrast, GDP growth and fintech adoption show no significant impact, reflecting the dominance of bank-specific factors over macroeconomic or technological influences. Overall, Bangladeshi banks demonstrate higher core capital efficiency despite elevated credit risk, reflecting stronger asset bases and regulatory adjustments. The findings highlight the need for targeted reforms focusing on asset quality and cost efficiency to enhance banking sector resilience in emerging markets.AcknowledgmentThe authors would like to express their heartfelt thanks to all participants in this study, especially the bankers who assisted in providing their banks' datasets for the analysis presented in this paper.

S. Islam, Shamim Ahmed, Raad Mozib Lalon · Banks and Bank Systems · 0 citations

Open access Sep 2026

Capital structure, bank size and profitability of commercial banks: Dynamic panel evidence from Bangladesh

This paper examines how capital structure and bank size impact the profitability of commercial banks in Bangladesh. A balanced panel of 12 commercial banks was studied, covering 2013 to 2022; there were a total of 120 bank-year observations. Return on Equity (ROE) and Net Interest Margin (NIM) were utilized as metrics of bank profitability. The Debt-to-Total-Assets Ratio (DTA), Debt-to-Equity Ratio (DTE), and Long-Term Debt-to-Capitalization Ratio (LTDCR) capture aspects of bank capital structures, while bank size was estimated using the natural log of total bank assets. Initially, fixed-effects and random-effects models, followed by a one-step System GMM, were utilized to address profitability persistence, potential endogeneity, and reverse causality. DTA was positively correlated with both ROE and NIM and was statistically significant at the 1% level in all of the dynamic models. Conversely, DTE had a negative correlation with both ROE and NIM and was also statistically significant at the 5% level in all of the dynamic models. LTDCR was not statistically significant. Bank size was directly correlated with bank profitability, supporting the economies-of-scale argument. These findings suggest that overall asset leverage may increase bank profitability; however, excessive debt compared with equity will decrease performance due to increased financial risk and funding costs. Additionally, this paper enhances the existing literature regarding commercial banking in South Asia by isolating leverage into its component parts and utilizing a dynamic panel approach to estimate those impacts.

N. Jahan, Sumaiya Islam, K. Arif et al. · Asian Economic and Financial... · 0 citations