Uncoordinated electric vehicle (EV) charging can cause voltage violations and feeder overloading in radial distribution networks. To address this issue, this paper presents a four-stage exhaustive Backward-Forward Sweep (BFS) framework for the simultaneous optimal placement of three heterogeneous EV charging stations (50, 35, and 20 EVs) in the IEEE 33-bus system. A single-station screening first identifies voltage as the dominant constraint and selects Bus 2 as the strongest candidate location. Subsequently, all ${ }^{32} C_{3} \times 3!=29,760$ bus-triplet and charger-size combinations are evaluated under three simultaneity levels $(f=1.0,0.5,0.3)$, guaranteeing the true global optimum placement. The hosting-capacity analysis further determines the maximum EV penetration each bus can accommodate before exceeding voltage or thermal limits. The globally optimal configuration is obtained at Buses 2, 19, and 20, where the largest, medium, and smallest stations are assigned, respectively, to minimize $I^{2} R$ losses under all operating conditions. Results also show that smart charging significantly reduces feeder losses and increases feasible EV charging locations.
Tanvir Ahammed Rahat, Sanuwarul Islam, Shah Mohazzem Hossain et al.· International Conference on...· 0 citations
This study examines factors influencing digital inequality among key stakeholders within Somalia’s digital ecosystem by developing and evaluating a multidimensional Digital Inequality Index (DII). Somalia, as a fragile state, faces persistent challenges related to digital infrastructure, affordability, and political instability, which may constrain equitable digital participation. A cross-sectional survey of 80 respondents from the telecommunications and academic sectors in Mogadishu was conducted to investigate digital access, usage behaviors, and perceived barriers. To extend the analysis beyond descriptive statistics, a Digital Inequality Index (DII) was developed by integrating digital literacy, affordability, and infrastructure dimensions. Among the surveyed respondents, the DII indicated notable differences across demographic subgroups. Participants aged 35 years and above recorded the lowest average DII score (0.51), while respondents with a Master’s degree or higher achieved the highest score (0.67) compared with those having secondary education (0.48). Regression analysis further indicated that higher educational attainment was positively associated with the use of advanced digital services, particularly e-government platforms (OR = 3.6, 95% CI: 1.4–9.1). These findings suggest that, within this stakeholder group, educational attainment is a key factor associated with meaningful digital participation, whereas age and gender showed comparatively smaller effects. The study also highlights perceived barriers related to affordability, infrastructure, and governance. Although the findings are not intended to represent the broader Somali population, they provide valuable stakeholder-based evidence to inform future research and support policy discussions on digital inclusion in fragile-state contexts.
Osman Mohamed Ishaq, Faruqul Islam, Md Jaber Alam et al.· Discover Education· 0 citations
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