Spirometry-Assessed Obstructive Airway Disease and Its Determinants among Male Bidi and Cigarette Smokers in Rural Odisha, India: A Community-Based Cross-Sectional Study
Obstructive airway disease (OAD) was common among rural male smokers, affecting 43.6% of participants and was much more prevalent in bidi smokers at 66.9%, compared to 21.9% in cigarette smokers, highlighting the greater airflow restriction and respiratory problems linked to bidi use.