Autism and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) likely share some common developmental pathways, suggesting the potential for overlapping early risk factors, including aspects of temperament. We employed a transdiagnostic, data-driven approach to identifying temperament-based subgroups at 12 and 18 months across infants at elevated and low genetic likelihood for autism and ADHD. Results revealed general continuity in early temperament; many infants remained in a well-regulated/socially engaged subgroup (73%), and some (27%) showed shifts over time toward heightened negative reactivity, greater inhibition, and/or reduced social engagement during the toddler period. Not all infants/toddlers who later met criteria for autism or showed preschool concerns for ADHD demonstrated negative-reactive/inhibitory temperament traits during early development. However, certain temperament profiles were associated with autism and ADHD traits regardless of clinical outcome. Findings contribute to a better understanding of early transdiagnostic markers and the nuanced developmental pathways related to autism and ADHD.
Girija Kadlaskar, Ana-Maria Iosif, S. Ozonoff et al.· Clinical psychological scien...· 1 citation
Autism screening aids in early detection and diagnosis. Several screeners are available for toddlers 16 months and older, but there is little data on the accuracy of screening measures used in the first year of life. A community sample (N = 1641) completed three screeners-M-CHAT-R, ITC, VIRSA-online at 6, 9, 12, 18, and 24 months of age (including exploratory use of M-CHAT-R prior to 16 months). At 36 months, outcomes of ASD or Non-ASD were determined by tele-evaluation and outcome surveys. Psychometric properties were assessed for all screeners at all ages, both used individually and in combination. When used in the first year of life (6-12 months), psychometric properties were in the poor range, with area under the curve (AUC) < 0.70 for all three screeners, whether used in isolation or combination. At 18 and 24 months, the M-CHAT-R and ITC outperformed the VIRSA, with psychometric properties in the fair range (AUC 0.70-0.79) used in isolation and the good range (AUC ≥ 0.80) when used in combination. Using the M-CHAT-R and ITC at more than one age in the second year also fell in the good range. This study, using procedures to address limitations of prior screening studies and follow screen-negative cases, found that none of the three screeners had adequate psychometric properties in the first year. At 18 and 24 months, findings supported the use of multiple screeners, either in combination or longitudinally, for best prediction of autism diagnosis.
Devon N Gangi, Chandni Parikh, M. Hill et al.· Autism Research· 0 citations
Objective: The primary aim of this study was to compare early trajectories of cognitive/motor development and adaptive functioning between school-aged children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and typically developing (TD) children. A secondary, more exploratory, aim was to determine whether groups differed in their eligibility for early intervention services at individual timepoints. Method: This study leveraged data from three prospective longitudinal studies of infants with and without a family history of autism. Our sample was majority male, White, and non-Hispanic. At 6, 12, 18, 24, and 36 months, cognitive/motor development was measured via direct assessment using the Mullen Scales of Early Learning, and adaptive functioning was measured via parent report using two editions of the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales (Vineland ABS, Vineland-II). At school age (~6–16 years), children were assigned outcomes of ADHD (n = 62) and TD (n = 123). Linear mixed-effects models were used to estimate subscale-level trajectories, while chi-squared or Fisher’s exact tests were used to test for group differences in rates of service eligibility. Results: Trajectories often varied by group. Children with ADHD had lower estimated raw scores on all subscales of the Mullen Scales of Early Learning and nearly all subscales of the Vineland-II than TD children. Further, the ADHD group had higher rates of service eligibility in several domains, particularly communication and socialization. Conclusions: These findings suggest that children with ADHD differ in early trajectories of cognitive/motor development and adaptive functioning, and that children at elevated likelihood for ADHD may benefit from increased screening and supports for delays.
Antonia M. H. Piergies, Ana-Maria Iosif, Monique Moore Hill et al.· Journal of Clinical Child &...· 0 citations
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