Adaptive MARL-Assisted Hybrid Bat-Artificial Bee Colony Optimization for Energy-Efficient Clustering and Routing in IoT-Enabled Wireless Sensor Networks
Simulation results show that the proposed MARL-BA-ABC framework outperforms Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH), Hybrid Energy-Efficient Distributed Clustering (HEED), Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), Ant Colony Optimization (ACO), Bat Algorithm (BA), and Artificial Bee Colony (ABC), achieving a First Node Death of 2200 rounds.