Multi-omics profiling identifies inflammation metabolism fibrosis crosstalk as a defining feature of HFpEF distinct from HFrEF
Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) represents an entity distinct from heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), driven by highly heterogeneous and systemic pathophysiological mechanisms. Conventional biomarkers such as NT-proBNP primarily indicate hemodynamic stress and remain inad...