Cigarette Butt Pollution in Aquatic Ecosystems: Sources, Environmental Fate, Ecotoxicological Impacts and Mitigation Strategies.
Cigarette butts (CBs) are one of the most abundant forms of anthropogenic litter worldwide and represent an important source of chemical and microplastic pollution in aquatic ecosystems. An estimated 4.5 trillion CBs are discarded annually, with a substantial proportion entering freshwater, estuarine and marine environ...