Open access
Jul 2026
Low-dose multi-walled carbon nanotubes are non-inflammatory alone but amplify lipopolysaccharide-induced cytokine responses in A549 lung epithelial spheroids
Background Airborne pollutants comprise biological agents such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and engineered nanomaterials, including carbon nanotubes (CNTs), which are increasingly prevalent in industrial and consumer applications. Although the pulmonary toxicity of high-dose CNT exposure is established, the inflammatory...
Jian Liu, Li Zeng, W. Abate et al.
· Frontiers in Immunology · 0 citations