From inflammation to cytotoxicity: exposure pattern-dependent responses to alumina nanoparticles and dissolved hydrochloric acid in a human alveolar-capillary barrier model at the air-liquid interface.
Combustion of composite solid propellants generates complex aerosols containing metallic nanoparticles (NPs) and acidic gases, raising concerns about inhalation toxicity. Here, we investigated the effects of alumina (Al₂O₃) NPs, alone or combined with hydrochloric acid (HCl), in a human alveolar-capillary barrier (ACB)...